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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Membership discrimination in California social clubs ： ウィキペディア英語版 Membership discrimination in California social clubs Membership discrimination in California social clubs has been based on sex, race, religion, political views and social standing. In the late 1980s a successful effort was made in many of the clubs to open up membership first to racial or religious minorities and then to women. Strictly private clubs not open to the public and for which tax exemptions are not claimed maintain their right to discriminate on the basis of sex or race, and all clubs can discriminate on the basis of social standing. A state law against discriminating in the service of private businesses was gradually made applicable to social clubs that engaged in commercial activities. Rules against discrimination were also applied where clubs were the beneficiaries of government in any way, notably through taxes or subsidies. ==The first clubs== The Bohemian Club was founded in San Francisco in 1872 as a journalists' social group,〔("Days and Nights in OId Bohemia," ''San Francisco Chronicle,'' July 18, 1897, page 5 ) Library card required〕 but it grew to become a refuge for some of the most powerful men in American business and politics. The similarly august California Club was founded in Los Angeles in 1888 when "at least 12 of the 125 founding members were Jews." But "as the original Jewish members died off, this power center became off limits to Jews."The Jonathan Club, a likewise prestigious social group, was established in Los Angeles in 1894.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Membership discrimination in California social clubs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.